Introduction to the business of Investment Banking Assignment

Introduction to the business of Investment Banking - Assignment Example An ardent need was felt for having a regulator which would ensure that the trading takes place keeping the interest of the investor in the mind. Hence in 1984, a ministerial committee was formed with the sole motive of regulating the capital market of Saudi Arabia (Tadawul, 2014, p. 1). The Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange is mainly run by the Board of Saudi Arabia which includes 9 members. The Capital Market Authority of the country takes care of the recommendation through which the members of the Board are nominated. The board comprises of the Chairman as well as the Vice Chairman apart from 7 other members. The operations of Tadawul are conducted in the electronic mode. Most of the orders of buy and sell as well as the ordering system or the trading procedure take place with the help of the electronic modes. This was started since 1990 and ensures that there is very little scope for fraudulent activities or illegal trading practices in Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange. The trading session of the exchange takes place between 11 am in the morning and 3.30 pm in the afternoon. The Tadawul All Share Index or the TASI is the index which indicates the performance of the stocks which are listed in the Tadawul Stock Exchange. The stocks of more than 168 companies are traded in the stock exchange. There are a number of sectors under which he stocks are traded. These sectors include the financial, consumer goods, Healthcare, telecoms, oil and gas as well as the industrial goods and materials. The products that are mainly traded in the Tadawul Stock Exchange include the Equities, Sukuk and Bonds, Mutual Funds as well as Exchange Traded Funds. The investment banks have a very active role in the entire process of the listing of the shares as well as in the raising of the funds from individual investors as well as the corporate clients when a company goes public. The investment bank ensures that the interests of

Slavery and Indentured Servants Essay Example for Free

Slavery and Indentured Servants Essay PART ONE Question 2: Thomas Jefferson feared the growth of manufacturing mainly because he knew that America land compared to Europe’s land wasn’t as adequate and sufficient enough to manufacture our own goods and we would produce different results. Jefferson stated in the â€Å"Republican Thomas Jefferson Celebrates the Virtue of the Yeoman Farmer, 1785† document that â€Å"In Europe the lands are either cultivated, or locked up against the cultivator. Manufacture must therefore be resorted to of necessity not of choice, to support the surplus of their people† (Jefferson, 1). Also, Jefferson kept the lower class in mind and he knew that a lot of lower class families couldn’t afford to buy and sell manufactured goods. Therefore, Jefferson focused more on a nation of commercial agriculture and independent farmers, so that the low class families could work and toil for their needs. Jefferson also believed that people wanted to manufacture their own goods for the wrong reasons. For instance, Jefferson stated that people â€Å"depend on land for the casualties and caprice of customers† (Jefferson, 1). However, Alexander Hamilton’s view of America’s socioeconomic future differed from Thomas Jefferson because Hamilton dreamed of transforming the United States into a manufacturing giant like Great Britain. Hamilton was against commercial agriculture and independent farmers because he felt that â€Å"the separation of occupations causes each to be carried to a much greater perfection, than it could possibly acquire, if they were blended† (Hamilton, 1). This statement proves true to me because if everyone did the same occupation, less people would try as hard to succeed and there would also be fewer opportunities for people. Diversity brings forth a greater changer and it has more significance. If a society focused solely on complete agriculture the result and produce would vary for numerous of reasons. One reason for example is location, which can be referred to by the temperature. According to Hamilton â€Å"the difference of seasons, in the countries which are consumers make immense differences in the produce of their own soils; in different years; and consequently in the degrees of their necessity for foreign supply† (Hamilton, 2), as well as other natural problems that may occur such as lack of soil and land. Therefore, in order to secure a stable and consistent market, one would need to agree with Hamilton and set up manufacturing establishments. In my opinion, I think that both men have correct and valid point and opinions. Today, American political system expresses both elements of their philosophies. PART TWO Question 3: The thought of coming to North America for indentured servants seemed like a dream to many because it was an answer or at the very least a solution to their many problems. According to Divine textbook, indentured servants are â€Å"individuals who are contracted to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transport to America† (Divine, 26). Also in exchange for their transportation were food, lodging, clothing, and other necessities that were provided as well. Before immigration to North America indentured servants lived a very poor life in their country and suffered immensely. Most English immigrants faced poverty, unemployment, lack of clothing and food, and even shelter. But upon entering into North America most indentured servants (but not all), received the opposite of what they expected, hoped, and dreamed of and instead experienced negative results within this new land. According to the document â€Å"Our Plantation is Very Weak†, which is a letter from Richard Frethorne written to his parents during his experience as an indentured servant in Virginia in 1623; it displays extreme suffering and pity. As the title implies, his plantation was very weak due to the many death and sicknesses that the English carried over with them. For example, â€Å"For we came but twenty for the merchants, and they are half dead just; and we look every hour when two more should go† (Frethorne, 1). Therefore, they transitioned from poor suffering adults in England to the continuation of suffering as becoming servants, indentured servants. Furthermore, Frethorne begged for his parents to redeem his indenture and if not possible then at the very least that they would send some money to purchase him food. From reading this letter I really saw how much he and the other indentured servants suffered. It was so severe that the English cried out that they wished â€Å"that they were in England without their limbs-and would not care to lose any limb but to be in England again† (Frethorne, 1). Also, Frethorne quoted that â€Å"he has eaten more in [one] day at home than what he has eaten there for a week† (Frethorne, 2). These quotes really demonstrated the disparity of the indentured servants in Virginia and Frethorne’s true desire of wanting to return back to England, which wasn’t so bad after all compared to the horrible new land. However, in contrary to Frethorne, George Aslop’s writing in â€Å"They Live Well in the Time of their Service† during 1663 in Maryland document was viewed more positively than Frethorne’s outlook. He actually and surprisingly agrees with servitude. Aslop wrote, â€Å"For I’m certainly confident, that there are several Thousands in most Kingdoms of Christendom, that could not at all live and subsist, unless they had served some prefixed time† (Aslop, 2); he found servitude necessary for better living. I think it is very interesting how Frethorne’s and Aslop’s outlook on being a servant is very different. Aslop was an indentured servant for four years and instead of viewing it as enslavement he viewed it as simply serving because he was more focused on the benefits and not the circumstances. For example, â€Å"And what’s a four year’s Servitude to advantage a man all the remainder of his dayes, making his predecessors happy in his sufficient abilities, which he attained to partly by the restrainment of so small a time?† (Aslop, 2) Nonetheless, I have to keep in mind that what they experienced were in different locations (Virginia/Maryland). For instance, according to Aslop Maryland had it easier compared to other colonies, â€Å"For know, That the Servants here in Mary-Land of all Colonies, distant or remote Plantations, have the least cause to complain, either for strictness of Servitude, want of Provisions, or need of Apparel† (Aslop, 3). Also, Aslop’s document was written after his servitude as an indentured servant and Frethorne’s letter was written during his servitude. Therefore, Frethorne was more focused on his present situation because that was what he was currently enduring and dealing with. As for Aslop, who was currently enjoying the fruits of his labor therefore all of the negative experiences that he may have had meant less to him now that he survived. Also, another important difference between Frethorne and Aslop is that Aslop wasn’t necessarily a typical indentured servant because he had prior experience as an artisan or mechanic, which is more beneficial. Aslop noted, â€Å"Now those Servants which come over into this Province, being Artificers [craftsmen], they never (during their Servitude) work in the Fields† (Aslop, 3). All in all, these are the life of an indentured servant before, during, and after immigration; as well as how their life changed from that in which it was in Europe. Compared to the life of a slave, I personally view indentured servants as a form of slavery. One difference that slavery and indentured servants have to me is that slavery never had a guaranteed ending for the slaves. In most cases, in order for a slave to become free they had to escape; and if caught most often slaves were killed without any negative repercussions to the master or caregiver. Unlike indentured servants who had a signed contract guaranteeing that after they served a certain amount of years they would become free. However, if an indentured servant decided to escape, if caught death was not the punishment. According to Gottlieb Mittelberger document, â€Å"Work and labor in this new and wild land are very hard† indentured servants simply had to keep serving or at worst get sold to another master. â€Å"If such a runaway has been away from his master one day, he must serve for it as a punishment a week, for a week a month, and for a month half a year. But if the master will not keep the runaway after he has got him back, he may sell him for so many years as he would have to serve him yet† (Mittelberger, 3). Some similarities between slaves and indentured servants were that they both endured extreme hardships beginning on their voyage in the ship to their arrival on the plantations. Also, they both were sold to slave owners and masters. â€Å"No one is permitted to leave the ship except those who pay for their passage or can give good security; the others, who cannot pay, must remain on board the ships till they are purchased, and are released from the ships by their purchasers† (Mittelberger, 1). According to the Virginia Slave Laws, indentured servants were allowed to marry and were allowed to own property, unlike slaves. Also, another difference of the treatment of slaves that differs from the treatment of indentured servants is that slaves were allowed to be stripped naked and whipped but indentured servants were not. In summary, the more slaves endured severe things then the better it was for indentured servants, their status improved drastically compared to the rigid treatme nt of slaves. Some of the main factors that contributed to the waning of indentured servitude and the growth of American slavery is that the supply of white servants fell sharply, which included many factors. To replenish its labor force, planters turned to enslaved Africans. Also, Virginia and Maryland’s land became less attractive as land grew scarcer which is why many immigrants began to migrate to different colonies. Something that I found interesting within the Virginia Slave Laws is that black slavery took root in the Americans slowly. â€Å"There was a small number of Africans that already lived in Virginia before 1619, the year a Dutch ship sold some twenty blacks to the colonists. But it was not until the 1680’s that black slavery became the dominant labor system on plantations here. By 1640, only 150 blacks resided in Virginia and in 1650, 300. But by 1680, the number rose to 3,000 and by 1704, to 10,000† (Virginia Slave Laws, 1). Contrary to my assumptions in which I thought that slavery happened rapidly. In conclusion, indentured servants suffered just like slaves did. As seen above slaves and indentured servants shared commonalities as well as some divine differences.

Psychological and Physical Aspects of Drug Abuse in Adolescent Communit

Unfortunately the abuse of illegal drugs is not uncommon in today’s adolescent communities. Many teenagers today use illicit drugs as a way to deal with everyday pressures such as school, after school jobs, sports activities, domestic violence and peer pressure. Adolescence has been found to be a period of weakening bonds with parents and strengthening bonds with peers (Flay, 1994). Numerous states have experienced an increase in drug related deaths (http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). More than 1 in 10 of today’s youth aged 12-17 were current users of drugs in 1999 (www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). The number of young adults’ aged 18 to 25 using illicit drugs in 1999 was at a high of 17.1 percent (www.usdoj.gov/dea/stats). In this paper I will describe some of the most popular drugs in today’s adolescent communities and why the use of illegal drugs is most common between the ages of 12 through 25. I will also describe what the tell-tale signs are in a person wit h a drug problem and how you can help. Among high school and college students, the drug marijuana is most frequently used in America today. Marijuana is a tobacco-like substance that varies in its potency, depending on the source and selection of plant materials used (http://www.well.com). Marijuana is usually smoked in the form of loosely rolled cigarettes called â€Å"joints", hollowed out commercial cigars called â€Å"blunts† and in water pipes called â€Å"bongs†. Street names for Marijuana include pot, grass, cannabis, weed, Mary Jane, Acapulco Gold, dope, and reefer. When Marijuana is smoked, THC goes quickly into the blood through the lungs. It then goes to the brain and this is when the â€Å"high† is felt. This can happen within a few minutes and can last up to five hours. Ther... ...ids and young adults continue to ignore the dangers that drug abuse may cause. Drug use and its prevention are dependent on the understanding distinctions with in each of the following groups - their norms, message styles, and language (Miller/Alberts/Hecht/Trost/Krizek, 2000, page 107). If you think that someone you know is addicted to drugs please do not ignore it. There are many websites, counseling centers, and drug rehabilitation programs that can help. We should not continue to ignore the problem, instead we should try to find a solution. Bibliography: REFERENCES 1.) Miller/Alberts/Hecht/Trost/Krizek (2000). Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use: Mahwah, NJ: LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS. 2.) Sora, J. (1997) Substance Abuse. The H.W. Wilson Company New York 3.) Torr, J. (1999) Drug Abuse â€Å"Opposing Viewpoints†. Greenhaven Press,.Inc .

Art History Slide Notes

Venus of Willendorf from Willendorf, Austria 28,000 – 25,000 BCE Limestone Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna Paleolithic – representation of a woman – female anatomy is exaggerated – serves as a fertility image – no facial features, just hair/hat – freestanding sculpture Statuettes of 2 worshipers from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), Iraq 2700 BCE (early dynastic/Sumerian) Soft gypsum and inlaid with shell + black limestone Iraq Museum, Baghdad – represent mortals praying – tiny beakers were used in religious rites men wear belts + fringed skirts + have beard + shoulder-length hair – women wear long robes – heads tilt upwards with large open eyes – not proportionate, eyes=too big and hands=too small Bull-headed lyre from tomb789 (King’s Grave), Royal Cemetery, Ur (Tell Muqayyar), Iraq 2600 BCE Bull’s head = gold leaf over a wooden core Hair, beard = lapis lazuli University of Pennsyl vania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia – sound panel depicts a hero grasping animals that look human, serving at a banquet + playing music Spotted horse+ negative handprint rom Pech Merle, France 22,000 BCE (Paleolithic) Wall painting (cave) – negative hand imprints – horse in profile Hall of the Bulls from Lascaux, France 15,000 – 13,000 BCE (Paleolithic) – coloured and non-coloured silhouettes Wall painting of horses, rhinos, aurochs from Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, France 30,000 – 28,000 BCE – oldest cave paintings – advanced features (overlapping animal horns) Bird Headed Man with Bison from Lascaux, France 15,000 – 13,000 BCE Paleolithic – depicts a possible hunting scene – early example of a narrative Victory Stele of Naram-Sin from Susa, Iran 2254 – 2218 BCE (Akkadian empire) Pink sandstone Louvre, Paris – king defeats his enemies; one has spear through throat, one begs for mercy, one thrown off cliff – 3 stars=3 gods – hierarchy of scale is used to emphasize king’s absolute power and influence; he is the focal point b/c he wears horned crown (signifies divinity) + larger + leads army (who look at him for guidance) up the mountain + in profile – diagonal tiers, relief sculpture – narrative Stele of Hammurabi from Susa, Iran 1780 BCE (Babylonian) Basalt Louvre, Paris – top = relief of Hammurabi with sun-god, Shamash – Hammurabi salutes Shamash, hand up and is able to rule as he is given permission from Shamash – one of the first examples employing foreshortening (representation at an angle) e. g. Shamash’s beard = series of diagonal lines Palette of King Narmer (back) from Hierakonpolis, Egypt 3000 – 2920 BCE (Predynastic) Slate Egyptian Museum, Cairo – relief carving – utilitarian object; carried eye makeup which was also used to protect eyes from sun – circle stands for union of Upper + Lower Egypt King of Narmer = detailed, largest, calve muscles, directional lines lead up to him, wears a crown, has a beard, has an aggressive pose, holds a baton, has a bull’s tail, wears decorated kilt Horus – King’s protector/falcon – organized into registers very flat, linear Palette of King Narmer (front) – 2 heads of a cow (top) with woman’s face = identified as goddess – hieroglyphic represent Narmer’s name – narrative art King Narmer combined Upper + Lower Egypt Khafre enthroned (Statue of Khafre) from Gizeh, Egypt 520 – 2494 BCE (4th Dynasty) Old Kingdom Diorite – hardest stone to sculpt Egyptian Museum, Cairo – idealistic portrait – carved for the pharaoh’s valley temple and for the king to reside in, in case the mummy disintegrates – king sits firmly/rigidly upright on throne (fused); bare-chested, detailed kilt, feet placed firmly on the ground, right hand fisted, false beard atta ched, royal linen nemes headdress with the uraeus cobra of kingship on the front, looking strong and young (regardless of age), calm, head tilted slightly upwards – might have held omething important in his hand—a symbol that shows Khafre=king – throne’s legs show intertwined lotus and papyrus plants (which happen to be symbolic of the united Egypt) – falcon sits on the back of his head with its wings around for protection. falcon=Horus – perfectly symmetrical, flawless, well-developed, muscular body to show that he was a divine ruler – statue’s function was to make sure it lasted for eternity, so no breakable parts Menkaure and Khamerernebty from Gizeh, Egypt 2490 – 2472 BCE (4th Dynasty) Graywacke Museum of Fine Arts, Boston double-portrait, high-relief sculpture, contained sculpture – she holds onto him, signifies that they are married – carved for Menkaure’s valley temple – Menkaure is rig idly frontal, his arms lie straight and close to his well-built body, has clenched fists, even with left foot forward body stays rigid, physique is idealistic, short beard – Khamerernebty’s right arm encircles the king’s waist, left hand rests on his left arm, clothing is light to show female form – both look out into space, not at each other – function – to show the timeless nature of the stone statue that was also designed to provide an eternal substitute home Nefertiti bust by Thutmose from Amarna, Egypt 1353 – 1335 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Painted limestone Agyptisches Museum, Berlin – Nefertiti (Akhenaton’s wife) has expression of entranced musing + sensitivity + delicacy – work, unfinished b/c of missing left pupil – long curved neck balance long crown, broken right ear – portrayed as elegant beauty, symmetrical – found in Thutmose’s workshop – purpose? Thutmose’s model Akhenaton, Nefertiti, 3 daughters from Amarna, Egypt 1353 – 1335 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Limestone Agyptisches Museum, Berlin – sunken relief – intimate family portrait = new, never been done before undulating curves replace rigid lines – figures possess prominent bellies (characteristic of Amarna period) – family bask in life-giving rays of the Sun (Aton, the sun disk) – mood = informal, anecdotal – Akhenaton lifts 1 daughter to kiss, one sits one Nefertiti’s lap who gestures toward father, youngest one reaches to touch pendant on mother’s crown – flowing scarves suggest wind Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, from his tomb from Thebes, Egypt 1323 BCE (18th Dynasty) New Kingdom Gold with inlay of enamel + semiprecious stone Egyptian Museum, Cairo – tomb contained sculpture, furniture, jewelry – mummy within the innermost of 3 coffins dressed in official regalia, nemes headdress, fake beard – effects of mask and tomb treasures express power, pride, wealth – innermost coffin – gold, portrays pharaoh as Osiris (god of underworld/afterlife) Egyptians – enjoyed life – loved to eat + drink – loved and embraced life – believed afterlife = important – evolved and made their gods (sun gods) – left behind artworks to show that the kings were to exist eternally in the afterlife – majority = farmers – had intimate relati onships with Gods – preserved bodies – made solid tombs that preserved materials – wore jewellery to look good, loved precious stones would never have bothered to live in Egypt if it weren’t for the Nile – believed that they would have a straight narrow path like the Nile – believed that people have spirit – Middle kingdom disintegrated, Egyptians were invaded by the Hyksos (shepherd kings) with chariots + horses, but were later overthrown by Ahmose – Ahmose = 1st king of the 18th Dynasty (first to call Pharaoh), ushered in the New Kingdom, in which borders were extended and new capital, Thebes (in Upper Egypt)became a luxurious metropolis with palaces, tombs, temples – have ceremonial meal/feast/banquet at the deceased tomb 1/year – purpose? Commune with deadFacts about Egypt – houses = mud brick and were made to not last – Nile river (longest river on Earth) floods 1 a year – desert = sand, dry – no rainfall for decades – rich mud = good for growing plants – ultimate god – Re = is the Sun, creates dry land, – – creates life by ejaculating/spitting, creates gods of dryness/wetness – only wealthy people could afford mummification between the Old and Middle kingdom, Egypt was in a state of civil unrest – rock-cut tombs were characteristic and became popular during the middle kingdom, even replaced the mastaba as standard Egyptian tomb – temples were built to honour pharaohs, gods – long narrow passageways = characteristic of Egyptian temples (eg, Hatshepsut + Amen-Re) – successful hunting = metaphor for triumphing over death + disorder, which ensured a happy existence in the afterlife – King Tut – died at 18 â₠¬â€œ NEW KINGDOM – temple of Hatshepsut, Ramses, Amen-Re Old kingdom = pyramids Middle kingdom = rock-cut tombs New kingdom = temples Predynastic Period Early Dynastic Period Old Kingdom (3,4 dynasty) Middle Kingdom (11-14) New Kingdom (18,19)Old stone age (Paleolithic period) Sumerian (3500-2340 BCE) Akkadian (2340-2180 BCE) Babylonian (2125-1750 BCE) Mastaba – an Egyptian tomb made of brick/stone that is rectangular in shape with sloping sides, featuring a chapel with a false door. Some included a serdab – a small room that housed a statue of the deceased elonging to take into next world – portrait sculpture â€Å"he who keeps alive† Slide exam – Title, Artist, Date, Period, Medium. Be able to analyze style + significance, be able to compare MINOANS No big statues, no ideas that there were kings, built palaces on slopes, bull-leaping ceremonies, typical to have columns with cut stone bottoms, artists painted on wet plaster (fresco) which has the advantage of a picture staying on the wall, Minoans adored nature , 2 key elements Minoan art – line and color. Unlike the Egyptians who painted in fresco secco (dry fresco), Minoans painted on a white lime plaster and used a true (wet) fresco. Volcanic eruption on Thera (Cyclades), 4. 12 big eyes, holds snake, skirt has folds, snakes didn't come from Crete, came from Asia Minor. Unlike Egypt, no temples/monumental statues of gods, kings, or monsters have been found in Minoan Crete, Minoan sculptures usually small in size, Proto geometric Geometric Oritentalizing Archaic Early classical High clausal Late classical Hellenistic

Project Management Project Essay

Question 1 South American Adventures Unlimited SA Adventures Unlimited was formed four years ago by Michael and Jill Rodriguez. Michael was a trained geologist, while Jill had a master’s degree in Spanish. They were both avid outdoor enthusiasts and fell in love while trekking across the Andes in Chile. Upon graduation they seized upon the idea of starting their own specialized tour business that would focus on organizing and leading â€Å"high-end† adventure trips in South America. Their first trip was a three-week excursion across Ecuador and Peru. The trip was a resounding success, and they became convinced that they could make a livelihood doing something they both enjoyed. After the first year, Adventures Unlimited began to slowly expand the size and scope of the business. The Rodriguezes’ strategy was a simple one. They recruited experienced, reliable people who shared their passion for South America and the outdoors. They helped these people organize specific trips and advertised the excursion over the Internet and in travel magazines. Adventures Unlimited has grown from offering 4 trips a year to having 16 different excursions scheduled, including trips to Central America. They now had an administrative support staff of three people and a relatively stable group of five trip planners/guides whom they hired on a trip-by-trip contract basis. The company enjoyed a high level of repeat business and often used their customers’ suggestions to organize future trips. Although the Rodriguezes were pleased with the success of their venture, they were beginning to encounter problems that worried them about the future. A couple of the tours went over budget because of unanticipated costs, which eroded that year’s profit. In one case, they had to refund 30 percent of the tour fee because a group was stranded five days in Blanco Puente after missing a train connection. They were also having a hard time maintaining the high level of customer satisfaction to which they were accustomed. Customers were beginning to complain about the quality of the accommodations and the price of the tours. One group, unfortunately, was struck by a bad case of food poisoning. Finally, the Rodriguezes were having a hard time tracking costs across projects and typically did not know how well they did until after their taxes were prepared. This made it difficult to plan future excursions. The Rodriguezes shared these concerns around the family dinner table. Among the members in attendance was Michael’s younger brother, Mario, a student at a nearby university. After dinner, Mario approached Michael and Jill and suggested that they look into what business people called â€Å"project management.He had been briefly exposed to project management in his Business Operations class and felt that it might apply to their tour business. 1. To what extent does project management apply to Adventures Unlimited? Or, in other words, is this company managing projects? Explain your answer. Answer in a short paragraph (no more than 100 words) using font size 12. Question 2 Answer question #1 on page 147 in the exercises section. Question 3 Pg. 192 Optical Disk Preinstal lation Project Draw the network diagram A – Complete the following table with information from the network diagram:

20 Division Essay Topics Hot Ideas about the Area of Remote Sensing

20 Division Essay Topics Hot Ideas about the Area of Remote Sensing Previously, we discussed 10 facts for a division essay on remote sensing and earth science. We are certain that those facts helped you understand what remote sensing really is, and you are in a position to use them to come up with your essay on the topic. To make things easier, we have also covered 20 relevant topics which you can choose and start writing on. These topics are correlated with facts so it would be easier for you to compose an essay quickly and effortlessly. We also recommend you to read our final guide i.e. how to write a division essay on remote sensing and earth science before you start composing the essay yourself. This final guide will help you pinpoint the techniques and methodologies that will help you beautify your essay and make it exemplary. We assure you that if you read and follow all the guides we have written for you, your professor will be very pleased with your work. With that being said, here are the 20 topics on remote sensing and earth science: An Overview on the History of Remote Sensing Technology The Correlation between Remote Sensing and Earth Science The Reader’s Advantage to Understanding Remote Sensing and Earth Science Differentiation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing System The Dynamic Upsurge of Remote Sensing along with GPS, GIS and Photogrammetry The Principles of Remote Sensing – A Short Division Essay on Earth Science The Variety of Contemporary Mapping Technologies i.e. Remote Sensors What’s Digital Video Imagery and is it Utilized in Remote Sensing Technology? How Remote Scanners Operate to Capture Information in Digital Form A Division Essay on the Variety of Active/Passive Remote Sensors Used Today How a Video Camera Can Be Used as a Passive Remote Sensor in an Aircraft Passive Sensors that Capture the Reflected or Emitted Energy Intensity The Reflectance Characteristics of Earth’s Cover Types The Interaction of the Atmosphere with Remote Sensors and its Effects A Division Essay on the Physical Processes of Solar Energy Modification The Use of Remote Sensing for the Treaty Verification Guidance Penetration A Division Essay on LIDAR Systems, its Operations and its Interfaced Systems The Forward Looking Infrared Remote Sensor and its Uses in Earth Science The Interaction of EMR (a Remote Sensor) with Earth Surface The Principal Divisions of Electromagnetic System and its Utilization in Earth Science and Remote Sensing Technology Now you have the topics from which you can choose and start writing immediately. Oh, but don’t forget to have a look at the sample essay we’ve written below. This essay would hint you on how to write a short essay. Of course, you can lengthen it as much as you want but taking a look into this essay would make it easier for you to write. Sample Essay: The History of Remote Sensing Technology A multi-disciplinary science is basically what we call remote sensing technology. It has a combination of disciplines that include but are not limited to: photography, electronics, computer, optics, spectroscopy, satellite launching, telecommunication etc. These technologies work as a system in whole, which is known as remote sensing system. But when did it all start? How did it progress and what kind of categories were divided to make this technology what it is today? All of these questions are answered below. Firstly, you should know that it all started in 1859, when Gaspard Tournachon shot a photograph, an oblique one, of a small village adjacent to Paris. But this photograph was not taken by hands, instead, it was taken from the view of a balloon giving it   different perspective. This picture is what led to the era of observing earth which then later divided into subsections remote sensing being one of the main aspects of earth science. People, from all over the world, then started to follow what Tournachon did. In fact, the U.S. Army utilized this balloon photography in 1983, during the Civil War. The oblique photography played a large role in revealing the defensive positions that took place in Virginia. The revelation of defensive position, before this kind of methodology, was very difficult as a number of army spies had to go through the enemy territory to get details, then come back to provide those details to their team. Due to the success of this method that Gaspard T. invented, the development and the use of aerial photography started to grow rapidly. This was then applied in airborne vehicles, such as aircrafts etc. The development rapidly grew larger and large. It dominated the United States and then later, it was also being developed in Europe. During the World War I, aeroplanes were used as a means of scanning the enemy territory by photo reconnaissance. These aircrafts proved to be more reliable and more stable than balloons providing armies a chance to observe neatly. Once the World War I ended, civilians started to take aerial photos. They used it in the field of forestry, agriculture, geology and cartography. Due to the developments between World War I and World War II, the cameras improved drastically. Variety of films as well as interpretation equipment was improved to the next level. However, the most significant development process took place during World War II especially aerial photography and photo interpretation. During these times, new technologies such as near-infrared photography, thermal-infrared photography and imaging radar etc., were developed and utilized in nighttime bombing. They were also used to reveal camouflaged soldiers, changing the landscape of how wars were progressed. Once the World War II ended, the development of these technologies continued and for far more better purposes. For example, CIR (Color Infrared Radar) photography was a great tool which was utilized in plant sciences and it is still used today, with major improvements of course. In 1956, Cowell used CIR and classified the vegetation types. It also helped reveal which vegetation was damaged, stress or infected.   It also proved to be useful in the recognition of vegetation types. After the 1950s, more significant progress in the development of radar technology was achieved. Now, remote sensing has become a big part of space exploration, underwater discoveries and so on and so forth. By reading this essay, we’re sure that you must have realized how easy division essay writing can be if you know how it’s composed and outlined. To make things more easier, we have stated the methodologies in our final guide, which is how to write an on remote sensing and earth science. Be sure to check that out. If you haven’t read our first guide, which is; 10 facts for division essay on remote sensing and earth science, you should go read that first. It’s highly recommend you do that before you start writing. References: Joseph, G. 1996. Imaging Sensors. Remote Sensing Reviews, 13: 257-342. Campbell, J.B. 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing. Taylor Francis, London. Sabins, F.F. 1997. Remote Sensing and Principles and Image Interpretation. WH Freeman, NY. Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., Chipman, J. (2014). Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley Sons. Jensen, J. R. (2009). Remote sensing of the environment: An earth resource perspective 2/e. Pearson Education India. Blaschke, T. (2010). Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 65(1), 2-16. Lefsky, M. A., Cohen, W. B., Parker, G. G., Harding, D. J. (2002). Lidar Remote Sensing for Ecosystem Studies Lidar, an emerging remote sensing technology that directly measures the three-dimensional distribution of plant canopies, can accurately estimate vegetation structural attributes and should be of particular interest to forest, landscape, and global ecologists. BioScience, 52(1), 19-30.

buy custom American Civil War essay

buy custom American Civil War essay American civil war was started by a number of factors. There have been numerous debates for one hundred and thirty years over what caused the American civil war. The soldiers of the American South and the American North had one main goal of either fighting for or against the slavery. This means that slavery was the cause of the American civil war. Slavery was characterized by moral condemnation; the political leaders from either side divided the nation resulting to war (Hickman Para 2). The South American depended on the cotton as the principal economic activity. Slaves worked in the cotton firms. Any move to oppose slavery was received with hostility which eventually caused a war. The northern leaders were against the slavery. The American civil war was caused by the opposition of the North American and the South American on slavery (Barwolf 3). The political power of the federal government with the main offices in the Washington D.C. had numerous changes over the years. The increase of the populations led to the North American and the South American acquire more power with time. The southern states of America lost power in the sense that the population was redundant. This led to one portion of the nation becoming larger than the other. This is where sections of the nation were established. This was referred to as the sectionalism. The American federal government failed in harmonizing political power in the America leading to war. The southern states pushed for freedom from the central federal authority. The southern American believed that the state laws had calculative influence on the federal laws. This conflict on the federal laws and the state laws was referred to as the States Rights and was received warmly by the congress (Calore 25). The congress house and the presidents were unable to control the South America. South America was economically stable meaning that it was difficult to control it. Invention of the Cotton ginnery machine enhanced the agriculture business. The sectional crisis was difficult to restrain due to the strong economic factors in the South America. South America heavily relied on the slaves in the cotton farming. This reflected the need of a war of unification between the South America and the North America which was not economically reasonable. The political and economic issues led to the American civil war. The differences within the antebellum American society involved: slavery, western expansion, tariff reform, societal reform-renew and federal authoritys relations. The above lists issues made the Americans view their country in different perspectives. The political aspects that led to the war started soon after the American Revolution in the year 1782. There were intense arguments between the north and south. The contentious issues were on taxes called Tariff (Wilson 9). The South Americans felt it as a means of discouraging their progress; and they rejected the taxes leading to political confrontation. The taxing issue led to banks in the South pying higher interest rates than the banks in the North. The Southern Banks paid high interest rates to protect the Banks in the North from collapsing. The politicians of the Southerners argued that their voices were being ignored by the congress. They wanted to separate from the North America a condition referred to as Secede. The politicians and the economic change did nothing to solve the problem the Americans were experiencing. The constitution of America protected against seizure of property. Southerners referred to slaves as property. The slaves had a key role in the cotton industries. This led to an acute disagreement between the people of the North and the people of the South. Paul Finkleman indicated that the congress supported the North at the expense of the South America. He indicated that the constitution encouraged compromise and continued to relate the problems in America as devilish. The serious problems were related to immigration, race, gambling on the Indian reservations and the existence of the presidents. Other historians reflected the constitution as a compromise (Hickman Para 4). The government of America was practicing compromise for the good will of all members. Compromise in the constitution was based on positive environmental aspect. The constitution created further divisions within the political structure in the federal government. There were numerous political storms followed by intense bitter struggle. Compromise environment by the federal government did not solve the problems of the Americans. In fact, it resulted to bitter divisions between the South America and the North America (Wilson 12). The drafting of the constitution in the year 1787 provided the prevalence of compromise. Compromise had an intention of equalizing the people of South America and the people of North America. The word slavery never occurred in the American constitution. The federal government was willing to end the slave trade. This meant that the South America had to suffer from the effect. North America was in full support. South America referred to the constitution as a contract with the devil. The American Revolution on the abolishing of slavery in 1804 (Hickman Para 3) was a form of compromise that led to separation of various states. Thomas Jefferson feared crisis over slavery. He continued to assert that the crisis was a fire bell in the night. Thomas Jefferson insisted that all men had equal God given rights; this was a challenge for the American states that were willing to fight the British system. The abolitionists believed that all people were equal in Gods sight; they continued to assert that the souls of blacks and the whites were all the same in the eyes of God. The southerners were against the British system where the economy was based on the family farms. The South American economy was based on settled plantation system based on economy. Jefferson was critical in stating that there was an appending crisis on slavery. He insisted that America should stand on abolishing the slavery and support the British system (Wilsonn 13). The trans-Atlantic relationship was developed as a result of the American Revolution. Slavery was firmly and deeply valued in the American colonies. The South American population had forty percent slaves. New England provided America with ships used to convey slaves. Slave trade created business relationship in America and Britain. The industrial revolution brought in urbanization. The southerners did not like urbanization. This led to migrations between the Southern and the Northern American states. This led to the strengthening of the Souths defensive-aggressive political behavior. The people of the South and the people of North America were rivals. The people were resisting revolution and preferring being conservative. The revolution demanded equal rights of men. The tax plan was to develop the American industry and the global commerce. Southerners complained that the tax plan displayed favoritism to the Northerners (Hickman Para 4). The tax issue was hot and resulted to sectional crisis. The South militant and colonies were heavily against the tariffs and often hinted on withdrawing from the union. The militants of the North America were against slavery and the immoral acts which were obsolete. This led to the development of the British system. The issues of the 1690 to 1775 were remarkably similar to the development of the American empire in the years 1810 and 1860. The Southerners were farmers and the Northerners were industrialists. There was constant rivalry between the South and North America indicating a repeat of history over years. Virginia State had an influence in the slave trade. The Alabama platform by William L. Yancey indicated that the slave trade should not be restricted by the federal government and by the territorial governments. Virginia supported sovereignty where external influences were shunned away ((Wilson 7). Virginia fully supported the slave trade. John Brown organized a radical uprising to end the slave trade. The Massachusetts did not support the slave trade. Instead, it supported the slaves financially to settle in America. Massachusetts was on the opinion of government breaking from the slavery. The extensive influence called for no more slave states, and the enactment of the fugitive slave laws. Differences between Virginia and Massachusetts led to the nineteenth century civil war. The war was inevitable. The commonalities on ending the slave trade in the ongoing war led to the ending of the war (Hickman Para 5). The war equalized the Northern and the Southern states of America ending th e hostility. Conclusion The American war ended the slave trade. The South and North America were equalized as a result of the war. The South America relied heavily in the slavery in the cotton plantations. North America later became industrialized. The people of North America and the people of South America were rivals. The south was against modernization; and the Northern people were against the slave trade leading to a war. The war was inevitable. Buy custom American Civil War essay

How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph

How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph A descriptive paragraph is a focused and detail-rich account of a specific topic. Paragraphs in this style often have a concrete focus- the sound of a waterfall, the stench of a skunks spray- but can also convey something abstract, such as an emotion or a memory. Some descriptive paragraphs do both. These paragraphs help readers  feel  and  sense  the details that the writer wants  to convey. To write a descriptive paragraph, you must study your topic closely, make a list of the details you observe, and organize  those details  into a logical  structure. Finding a Topic The first step in writing a strong descriptive paragraph is identifying your topic. If you received a specific assignment or already have a topic in mind, you can skip this step. If not, its time to start brainstorming. Personal belongings and familiar locations are useful  topics. Subjects that you care about and know well often make for rich, multilayered descriptions.  Another good choice is an object that at first glance doesnt seem to warrant much description, like a spatula or a pack of gum. These seemingly innocuous objects  take on entirely unexpected dimensions and meanings when captured in  a well-crafted descriptive paragraph. Before you finalize your choice, consider the goal of your descriptive paragraph. If youre writing description for descriptions sake, youre free to choose any topic you can think of, but many descriptive paragraphs are part of a larger project, such as a personal narrative or an application essay. Make  sure the topic of your descriptive paragraph aligns with the broader goal of the project. Examining and Exploring Your Topic After youve selected a topic, the real fun begins: studying the details. Spend time closely examining the subject of your paragraph. Study it from every possible angle, beginning with the five senses: What does the object look, sound, smell, taste, and feel like? What are your own memories of or associations with the object?   If your topic is larger than a single object- for example, a location or a memory- you should examine all of the sensations and experiences associated with the topic. Lets say your topic is your childhood fear of the dentist. The list of details might include your white-knuckled grip on the car door as your mother tried to drag you into the office, the gleaming white smile  of the dental assistant who never remembered your name, and the industrial buzz of the electric toothbrush.   Dont worry about writing full sentences or arranging the details into a logical paragraph structure during the prewriting phase. For now, simply write down every detail that comes to mind. Organizing Your Information After youve compiled a lengthy list of descriptive details, you can begin assembling those details into a paragraph.  First, consider  again the goal of your descriptive paragraph. The details you choose to  include in the paragraph, as  well  as  the details you choose to  exclude, signal to the reader how you feel about the  topic. What message, if any, do you want the description to convey?  Which details best convey that message? Reflect on these questions as you begin constructing the paragraph. Every descriptive paragraph will take a somewhat different form, but the following model is a straightforward way to get started:  Ã‚   A topic sentence  that identifies the topic and briefly explains its significanceSupporting sentences that describe the topic in specific, vivid ways,  using the details youve  listed during brainstormingA concluding sentence that circles back  to the topics  significance Arrange the details in an order that makes sense for your topic. (You could easily describe a room from back to front, but that same structure would be a confusing way to describe a tree.) If you get stuck, read model descriptive paragraphs for inspiration, and  dont be afraid to experiment with different arrangements. In your final draft,  the details should follow  a logical pattern, with each sentence connecting to the sentences that come before and after it. Showing, Not Telling Remember to  show,  rather than  tell, even in your topic and concluding sentences. A topic sentence that reads, I am describing my pen  because I love to write is  obvious telling (the fact that youre describing your pen should be self-evident from the paragraph itself)  and unconvincing (the reader cannot  feel  or  sense  the strength of your love of writing). Avoid tell statements by keeping your list of details handy at all times. Heres an example of a topic sentence that  shows  the subjects significance through the use of detail:  My ballpoint pen is my secret writing partner: the baby-soft tip glides effortlessly across the page, somehow seeming to pull my thoughts down from my brain and out through my fingertips. Edit and  Proofread Your Paragraph The writing process isnt over until your paragraph has been edited and proofread. Invite  a friend or teacher to read your paragraph and provide feedback. Assess whether the paragraph clearly conveys the message you intended to express. Read your paragraph aloud to check for awkward phrasing or cumbersome sentences. Finally, consult a proofreading checklist to confirm that your paragraph is free of minor errors.

The Significance of Kafka's The City Coat of Arms Essay

The Significance of Kafka's The City Coat of Arms - Essay Example The essay "The Significance of Kafka's The City Coat of Arms" analyzes a short story "The City Coat of Arms" written by Franza Kafka. It unveils layers of concepts and phenomena. It is unimaginable yet brilliant how such a miniature of the textual piece may have such a broad range of interpretations. The significance of the story ‘The City Coat of Arms’ lies in the multitude of phenomena it touches upon ranging from a diversity of human existence to common purpose of living to even larger than life realities, and yet converging the ideas in a simple notion of creation which is the essence of human existence. In other words, the significance of the work of Kafka lies in the connotation and explanation of the idea of creation and further explaining how every individual in this world is indulged in the act of creating something. The idea centers around a diverse array of an issue like how humans are divided along a range of societal and other logistical identities. The stor y touches upon how when this diverse array of individuals are engaged in some common act, there are difficulties and differences, yet the common ground is reached at a point often by virtue of consensus. Also, the story talks about larger than life realities, for instance, the construction of the Tower of Babel is itself an extraordinary idea since its purpose is to reach heaven. This serves an immense philosophical purpose since various arguments about bureaucratic culture can be explained with the help of the ideas propagated in the story.

Net-Centric Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Net-Centric Computing - Essay Example Net-centric computing is designed to achieve optimal performance of all the resources. James Robertson, the founder of Step Two designs, a vendor neutral consultancy located in Australia has an article on 10 principles of effective information management  (KM.   1 November 2005). The article describes the concerns that users face in the implementation of information management. He also discusses the challenges in implementing information management effectively (Robertson, 2005). QUESTION: Are Robertson’s 10 principles easier or harder to apply in the context of a network? The application of James Robertson’s principles on a network is much easier (Albert, 2002). This can be attributed to the fact that a network, though varying in complexity, is somewhat less complicated than information management. This is discussed by breaking down the principles in a networking scenario. Recognize (and manage) complexity This principle explains the recognition and management of co mplexity. According to Robertson, this should be done when faced with complexity and a dynamic approach should be taken. When setting up a network, many variables are considered because the network is bound to grow and advance. With advancement complexities are bound to arise. With this principle, the complexities are easily projected, recognized and contingencies put in place to manage them as they arise. Focus on adoption The biggest challenge this principle faces in information management is that the staff need to actively participate and if they don’t, the required information won’t be captured. Before a network is designed the necessity of it has to be thoroughly evaluated, that is, who are the users, are there appropriate applications available, are the services and data coordinated to ensure efficiency? With all this needs evaluated, when it comes to implementation, adoption is not a problem. Deliver tangible and visible benefits Before a network is designed, go als have to be set. Design testing has to be done before implementation. During testing, all the goals have to be met with sufficient results before implementation; this ensures that the network always delivers (Robertson, 2005). Prioritize according to business needs The need for priorities is always there, and it always determines which tasks will be done first. In a network, this eliminates the time wasted on tasks that will not bring efficiency first, so the most important and critical are performed first. Take a journey of a thousand steps Because it is almost impossible to account for every detail in any setting, in a network the principle will dictate that, the most optimal solution be used and the changes, that will occur, will be handled periodically. Provide strong leadership In any project, the capability of the project leader will always determine the success of that project. In networking, a lot of coordination is required between the different sections, and with strong leadership, the project runs smoother, and probability for errors, and failure is significantly reduced. Mitigate risks No matter how well planned a project may be, errors can always happen, for example, the failure of a server is always unseen. Good risk management always reduces the damage that is done when problems occur. For example, frequent backup, will reduce the amount of data lost during a server failure. Communicate extensively Good communication is always essential when many parties are involved. A network is composed

Globalization and the British East India Company Essay

Globalization and the British East India Company - Essay Example However, the historical origin of globalization has ever remained a subject of debate among the historians. In most cases or usage, globalization is the period that began in the 1970s, where some scholars consider that this period began longer than historians exactly locate, and it encompassed all the extra-nation activities. The history of globalization has little to do with the British East India Company. It is regarded that the most proponent of the historical origin of globalization lies with Andre Gunder Frank. He was an economist and was as well associated with the independent theory (Malik 22). According to Frank, globalization began with the rise of global trading links between the Indus valley Civilization and the Sumer back in the third millennium B.C. What was considered archaic globalization had its existence in the Hellenistic Age, the period that was marked with commercialized development of urban centers, which marked the axial of Greek culture whose influences reached Spain from India. Other cities that felt the impacts of the early globalization include Roman Empire, Han Dynasty, and Parthian empire. The increasing commercial trade links between these powers were experienced in the Silk Road. This road started in China then stretched out to the boundaries of Parthian Empire and later moved to Rome (Malik 49). From the archaic period, globalization move to another phase that was described by Islamic and Mongol eras. During this period, the Muslim and Jewish traders and explorers founded trade routes that led to agricultural globalization, trade, knowledge, and technology globalization. This period was marked with the introduction and wide spread of crops including cotton and sugar that were cultivated almost all over the Muslim world, while knowledge spread widely to the Hajj and Arabic world that led to the cosmopolitan culture (Malik 27). The Mongol empire though had a destabilizing effect to the commercial centers with the Middle East and chi na; it significantly influenced or facilitated movement along Silk Road (Malik 153). Pax Mongolica of the 13th century was marked with the introduction of the first international postal service, and the rapid transition and spread of epidemic diseases including bubonic plague that substantially affected Central Asia. The Mongol era played a vital part in the globalization up to the sixteenth century; however, the largest trade systems were limited to the Eurasia (Malik 56). The Maritime Europe later replaced the Mongol period. The Maritime Europe phase, which was also known as proto-globalization was defined by the rise in the Empire of the European Maritime that took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The era saw the rise in the first Spanish and Portuguese Empires and later the rising of the British and Dutch Empires (Malik 77). In the seventeenth century, globalization was highly developed, and greater globalization organization became chartered companies. For inst ance, in the year 1600, the British East India Company was founded as the first multinational corporation. Later in 1602, the Dutch India Company was established. The British India Company was founded after the treaty of union as an early English joint- stock company. This organization was primarily formed to pursue trade with the East Indies; however, it ended up trading within the Indian Subcontinent and sometimes stretched its trades to China. Therefore, it is

Methodological Issues in Interviewing Dissertation

Methodological Issues in Interviewing - Dissertation Example The type of methodology adopted in a study is influenced by the nature of the reaches and the topic that is being studied. When a researcher is deicing on the methodology to adopt for a particular study, he/she must think of how the research questions and the hypotheses are going to be addressed. The methodology should clearly describe how the study can be replicated in another situation. Every stage of the process must be explained and justified. Â  Krueger (2008) describes secondary research is an approach to research in which existing information is summarized, collated, and synthesized. In secondary research, the researcher uses information and data that had been collected by other researchers. A variety of sources are used in secondary research. They include letters, documents, previous primary studies, books, journals, diaries, autobiographies, and archival records (Saunders et al., 2009). Magazines articles, marketing reports, and data from company websites can also be used in secondary studies. There are several advantages of using secondary research. First, it saves the researcher a lot of times. In this approach, the researcher does not have to go to the field to collect primary data. On the contrary, he uses information that is already documented. This allows him to spend more time in analyzing the data (Saunders et al., 2009). Secondly, secondary research allows the researcher to approach a subject or topic of stu dy from different perspectives. The use of a variety of sources to collect data allows the researcher to understand and evaluate the perspectives of another researcher on the topic of study. Secondary research also gives the researcher general background information on the topic of study.

Critical Review and Suggested Improvement for the Alternative Air Dissertation

Critical Review and Suggested Improvement for the Alternative Air Cooling - Dissertation Example New buildings should use alternative methods for air quality too. This research will show how and why. 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT There are many buildings in Hong Kong that were built before alternative methods for cooling and cleaning the air inside were financially profitable. Now the prices have dropped down, so it makes sense to install these alternative methods that save energy and some which also have a lower carbon balance quotient. These also save money in the long term, as the energy bills will be much lower. 1.2 AIMS AND BROAD OBJECTIVES The aim of this project is to study alternative methods for cleaning and cooling air in Hong Kong buildings and identify the best ones for each kind of building. The technology will be analysed for its ability to replace old systems in old buildings and make the air better for less money and energy consumption. The cost of using these in new buildings will be calculated so the ROI can be computed. It is hoped that these alternative metho ds will not cost much more than the traditional methods. This makes them good to use in new buildings. The costs and savings for old buildings will also be calculated. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Methodology of Literature Review A review of the literature in peer reviewed databases was done the same search of available books on the subject. However, since the lag time for books in print is nearly a year, newer technology and more information is available in digital formats. In addition to the peer reviewed databases, common websites in the building trade, and among suppliers for the building trade, were searched for information. Finally, specialized digital databases which include technological information and sites of various authorities on the subject were also searched and sites for rating buildings, such as BREEAM, Energy Star and Green were included. The alternatives found are examined and discussed here. This project will look at all alternatives and rate them for cost, p roblems, and ROI. Even if the cost is a little bit more, the pay back time is short. If a building is expected to last fifty to a hundred years, then it pays to make it work the best possible Langston, C., & Shen, L. (2007). 2.2 Technology Modern Building Services, and many other building sites like it, has no less than five alternatives to traditional air conditioning (Energy efficient systems - modern building services ). There are many alternatives. Green water walls are beautiful, peaceful and they clean the air while cooling it too ( ). These can be use with passive solar cooling and efficient window design to keep air cool and fresh (Greenwall Australia ). Regular air conditioners drink power like hungry dinosaurs. They make a lot of noise, they do not clean the air, and they often spread mould into the building. Hong Kong buildings are some of the most inefficient in the world, since the winters are not cold. Builders did not consider that air conditioning would become a majo r expense and a major problem. Even in buildings where the temperature is comfortable. The air may not be clean. Builders can do both with simpler technology and pay less (Dauncey, 2004). Many companies even consider these

Personal and Professional Development Assignment - 5

Personal and Professional Development - Assignment Example During the time that I was working at the orphanage I learnt that those children were faced with a lot of challenges especially those who went to government school. They were looked down upon and thus they were not given equal chance with their peers to participate in co-curricular activities. They therefore felt side lined and felt out of place. I initiated a project that was to introduce football tournaments between the children homes in my home town. Due to my good interactions skills that had been nurtured at school, I was able to get sponsors who funded the project thus the children homes that participated were rewarded accordingly. After conducting an evaluation test, I found that the objectives for which the project was based on had been met. The children felt that they were part of the society as they had not been left out. Therefore this made my project to be successful.First unsuccessful story  During the last year my family faced a major financial crisis that had resulte d from my mother being laid off from duty. There was a scandal at their company that had been caused by the seniors since they had committed a fraud. All along we had been brought up by our mother and she was our only bread winner. Being the first born in our family and having completed school a while ago, I had to look for a job in order to help my mother fend for the family since my other siblings were still in school. The road to getting a job was not that smooth for me since there was competition from others who had completed schooling.

Critical Review and Suggested Improvement for the Alternative Air Dissertation

Critical Review and Suggested Improvement for the Alternative Air Cooling - Dissertation Example New buildings should use alternative methods for air quality too. This research will show how and why. 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT There are many buildings in Hong Kong that were built before alternative methods for cooling and cleaning the air inside were financially profitable. Now the prices have dropped down, so it makes sense to install these alternative methods that save energy and some which also have a lower carbon balance quotient. These also save money in the long term, as the energy bills will be much lower. 1.2 AIMS AND BROAD OBJECTIVES The aim of this project is to study alternative methods for cleaning and cooling air in Hong Kong buildings and identify the best ones for each kind of building. The technology will be analysed for its ability to replace old systems in old buildings and make the air better for less money and energy consumption. The cost of using these in new buildings will be calculated so the ROI can be computed. It is hoped that these alternative metho ds will not cost much more than the traditional methods. This makes them good to use in new buildings. The costs and savings for old buildings will also be calculated. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Methodology of Literature Review A review of the literature in peer reviewed databases was done the same search of available books on the subject. However, since the lag time for books in print is nearly a year, newer technology and more information is available in digital formats. In addition to the peer reviewed databases, common websites in the building trade, and among suppliers for the building trade, were searched for information. Finally, specialized digital databases which include technological information and sites of various authorities on the subject were also searched and sites for rating buildings, such as BREEAM, Energy Star and Green were included. The alternatives found are examined and discussed here. This project will look at all alternatives and rate them for cost, p roblems, and ROI. Even if the cost is a little bit more, the pay back time is short. If a building is expected to last fifty to a hundred years, then it pays to make it work the best possible Langston, C., & Shen, L. (2007). 2.2 Technology Modern Building Services, and many other building sites like it, has no less than five alternatives to traditional air conditioning (Energy efficient systems - modern building services ). There are many alternatives. Green water walls are beautiful, peaceful and they clean the air while cooling it too ( ). These can be use with passive solar cooling and efficient window design to keep air cool and fresh (Greenwall Australia ). Regular air conditioners drink power like hungry dinosaurs. They make a lot of noise, they do not clean the air, and they often spread mould into the building. Hong Kong buildings are some of the most inefficient in the world, since the winters are not cold. Builders did not consider that air conditioning would become a majo r expense and a major problem. Even in buildings where the temperature is comfortable. The air may not be clean. Builders can do both with simpler technology and pay less (Dauncey, 2004). Many companies even consider these

Ethical Dilemma Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Dilemma Executive Summary - Essay Example It is something which is very common in public sector and law enforcement firms, yet as a responsible citizen and police officer it is my duty to take necessary actions to stop this practice. As I am transferred to the current police department only recently, I must not show impatience in reporting the misconduct done by any colleague/police officer. I will secretly collect necessary facts and gather the past records of that officer on my own. I will wait till the time I have strong evidence that supports my claim. However, since that officer has strong connections and has established goodwill and PR among influential people while on the other hand, I have not yet built the integrity and trust which is required to challenge an experienced officer. Therefore, in this case I have several options: I will find out the name and designation of his immediate supervisor or the person whom he reports to; and I will quietly collect his/her views about bribery. I can send an anonymous letter to the internal affairs office of the police department which is responsible to carry out investigation about any misconduct or police abuse. Many countries have state police posts that can be used to report the cases of corruption. However, in case there is extreme violation of law, I will have to take serious actions by reporting anonymously to public safety board which deals with officer’s disciplinary actions and police corruption. Otherwise, I will try to find local FBI near my department from their official website i.e. http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm. If the issue is not yet resolved then I will write an anonymous letter to the editor of the local newspaper and will send him/her the police disciplinary records because when media is involved serious efforts are made by concerned authorities to investigate the claims of corruption and breach of employment code of conduct. The professional implications of police reporting can be very serious especially when one is repo rting against some big fishes of the police department. In such situation following consequences may occur: If my name is revealed, my job will be at risk or perhaps I will be transferred to some other department/city. I may receive threats and the security of my family can be endangered. Police officer can send me behind the bars by putting false accusations against me or due to some false disciplinary charges. There are two ways to deal with these consequences; first is to report the corruption claims to the most trusted authority that ensures that my identity will not be revealed under any circumstance. Second condition is to challenge on the basis of strong evidence, public support and recordings of victims. Some countries use the tactic of â€Å"mystery audit† in which some senior police officials or people from investigating agencies disguise as common people and go to the police department for filing a complaint. They talk to the officers who are the suspects of corrup tion and create a situation of offering bribe or gifts. If officer(s) accept the bribe then the suspect is caught red handed. This method is very successful for conducting unbiased investigation. On the other hand, the liabilities of not reporting such acts are much greater than the consequences of reporting those acts. When an officer breaches the law, its impacts are not seen on the individual or departmental level only, rather it affects the whole system. The rights of the

Expanding Target to China Essay Example for Free

Expanding Target to China Essay China is, without a doubt, the fastest growing economy in the world today. Companies from around the world have wanted to tap into Chinas market to cash in on the tremendous success that it continues to experience. There had been many restrictions for foreign companies who tried to do business in China, limiting the number of foreign companies, and allowing only the big players to come into China. Even then, these big players from around the globe faced more restrictions and rules once they entered China. But things have changed since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001; a new milestone for this country, as well as for other economies. Since then, restrictions for foreign investors and businesses to enter Chinas market had begun to ease up. By December 11th, 2004, China must remove remaining restrictions on the retail sector in order to comply with the WTO rules. This means it will be much easier for foreign retailers to enter the market, and for current foreign retailers in China to expand (1). Many retailers from all over the world will seize this golden opportunity, and Target should do so too. Target, a Minnesota based national retail company, has come a long way from being Daytons department store back in 1961 to being one of the biggest players in United States retail market, as we know it today. Over the last ten years, Target has experienced a continuous incline in growth year after year. Sales reached over $48 billion this past year, a 10 percent increase from the year prior (2). Just like its revenue, the number of stores across the United States has been on the rise. Currently there are 1313 Target stores operating in 47 states, including 136 SuperTarget stores in 20 states (3). Not surprisingly, Target ranks number four in Triversitys Top 100 Retailers in the United States behind Wal-Mart, Home Depot, and Kroger (4). Globally, Target is ranked number 7 in the top 100 retailers worldwide (5). With this kind of statistics, Target has the potential and the resources to begin expanding into the international market, such as China. Comparing to Metro AG, a German retailer, which ranks a couple spots ahead of Target on the worldwide list, is not that much ahead of Target in terms of sales. And yet, Metro AG is one of the largest foreign retailers in China, along with  Wal-Mart and Carrefour (6). Not only should Target continue to expand domestically, but it should also start looking to expand in other markets around the world as well, such as China. This will allow Target to become a multinational company and begin creating a global recognition for itself in the retail sector. Now of course Target cannot dive right into the China Market and expect everything to just work out. Like any other company entering a foreign market, there are challenges and factors that Target must consider and evaluate before doing business in China. In this report, different reasons why Target should enter Chinas retail market and the benefits it offers to the company will be presented. Chinas economic status, political status, and economic status, along with options of entry and other factors that will affect Targets business, will be discussed. Chinas Economic Status China is currently the worlds most potential market for consumer goods. Its average annual GDP growth rate of nearly 10 percent for the last 10 years is the strongest among other major economies around the world (7). This is mainly due to the increase in manufacturing investment from foreign companies over the years because China is full of resources and cheap labor. Many products we see today are labeled Made in China since China has essentially developed into a manufacturing centre for the worlds consumer goods production (8). With a population of 1.3 billion people and having more consumers than Europe and the United States put together, it is obvious that China is by far one of the most attractive markets to invest in for foreign companies that are in the retail and consumer sector (8). When combining the strong, continuous growth of the economy with a population of this magnitude, the results are more money in consumers pockets, meaning more money to spend on goods. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the retail sales of consumer goods in China quadrupled with a span of 10 years (7). With this kind of statistics, it will be Targets best interest to pursuit an expansion into Chinas retail market. Chinas economy and consumer market will continue to grow. The more people there are in a  market, the more money will be spent. Everyone will always need food and daily accessories regardless of how much money they have, and those that have more money to spend will spend that extra money on other goods. So by setting up operations there, Target will have a chance to go along with the ride and reap the promising rewards that Chinas consumer market offers, which is what other foreign retailers are looking for. Chinas Political Status One of the major milestones for China, which made a global impact, is its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. This is the main reason why the forecast of Chinas growing economy remains strong. Since then, Chinas has begun to ease up restrictions on imports and exports, and also for foreign businesses entering Chinas market, most significantly the retail sector. By December 11, 2004, all restrictions on foreign retailing in China will be lifted, including restrictions on foreign ownership, number of branches, and geographic locations for where to set up stores (9). Currently, there are limited foreign investments in Chinas retail sector. In 2000, the Retail and Wholesale sector only accounts for 2 percent of the total foreign direct investment in China (7). Today, this percentage is not much higher than it was in 2000. This is because prior to Chinas accession to the WTO, there were many restrictions and regulations for foreign companies entering China. Some of the main restrictions were the annual sales volume requirement, assets requirement, and the minimum registered capital requirement. Before, in order to enter Chinas retail sector, a foreign company must have annual sales volume of at least US $2 billion, assets of at least US $200 million, and minimum registered capital of at least RMB 50 million, or about US $6.1 million. Also, they were only allowed to enter the market with approval, and in a form of a joint venture with local partners with no more than 49 percent ownership (10). This limited Chinas retail market to only the big international players such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Metro AG, etc, who all have already established a presence in China. But after China starts to comply with WTO rules next month; dramatic changes will take place in Chinas retail sector. Once all the restrictions for foreign retail companies are lifted by China, the number of foreign retailers entering China will increase sharply, both small and medium retailers. All a company will need is a good reputation and a minimum registered capital requirement of US $36,000. Other than a joint venture, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise will become an option (10). Also, the foreign players that are currently in the market will be able expand more rapidly under the new rules. This is another reason why Target should enter Chinas retail market, and soon. The percentage that the retail sector represents in the total direct foreign investment is still low, meaning there is a lot of room to grow. The sooner Target steps in, the more market share will be available for Target to gain. If Target delays its entry, other foreign retailers from all over the world will start to swarm in and the big players that are currently in the market will expand quickly; therefore making it more difficult for Target to create a significant presence. If Target decides not to enter this goldmine, then an incredible opportunity will be missed. WFOE or Joint Venture There are two options for Target to start business in China, establishing a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE) or a joint venture with a local Chinese company. There are advantages and disadvantages for both options, and it will be important to understand each. Joint ventures were the only way to enter China for any foreign company due to the restrictions set by China prior to joining the WTO. With joint ventures, foreign companies were able enter Chinas market easier. It really helps to have a local partner that is already familiar with the market and know the laws of doing business in China. Also, with a joint venture, it is much less capital intensive since the local partner will be contributing to the business. The downside of a joint venture is that it is difficult to find the right partner, and it requires a lot time because a good relationship must be formed before any negotiations take place. In China, a good relationship is the key to doing business. Some major causes of joint  venture failures have been overestimation of the partners capabilities, differing expectations, and different management styles (11). These are some of the reasons that limit a foreign companys desire to expand. WFOE, an option that will be open to foreign retail companies doing or planning to do business in China after next month, would probably be the direction that most foreign retailers will choose. It should be Targets choice as well when entering China. But before a WFOE can be set up, an application must be submitted to MOFCOMs (Ministry of Commerce) provincial-level counterparts. The applications will then be forwarded to MOFOCOM for approval. The approval process takes about three to four months, but approval is only granted if the proposed business will help the development of Chinas economy (12). Target will have no problem getting approved because it will help create more jobs in China, bring in more sophisticated technology to run its stores and operations, and increase manufacturing production in China since a good portion of the products that will be in Target stores will be made in China. The disadvantage of setting up a WFOE is that it is much more capital intensive. Foreign companies do not have anyone to share the investment costs with in the country. China only allows money coming from outside of the country when foreign companies want to set up a WFOE (12). However, the advantages that WFOE offers outweigh the disadvantages. A WFOE can enjoy the exclusive management control and operational controls with less interference from the Chinese government (13). A foreign company can bring in sophisticated technology without having to worry about losing its intellectual property or figure out how many shares the technology is worth in a joint venture (14). Because of all this, a WFOE can expand into other areas more freely. Although WFOE would be a capital intensive option for Target, it will pay off in the long run. Having complete control over its management and operations, less governmental interference, and less limitations to expand will be beneficial for Target. Chinas Social Status There are some other things that it must take into account before Target jumps into Chinas retail market, one of which is the social landscape of China. Just like in the United States, knowing where the customers are and where to set up stores are important strategies. The more wealthy cities are concentrated in Chinas east and south-east coastal provinces. The top ten most prosperous provinces in China are: Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Chongqing. These areas are obviously where foreign investors want to go because of higher per capita income and consumer spending in those areas. Consumer activities in some major inland cities are slowly on the rise, but are still fairly undeveloped compared to the east (7). But it may be a good idea to start investing in those areas and capture those markets while competition level is still low. Target should obviously start with investing in a couple of the more prosperous areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, or Zhejiang. These four provinces have the highest per capita income and household consumption, which means there are more money spent by consumers (8). Besides this, Target should start investing in the major inland cities that are beginning to develop, such as Wuhan, Chengdu, Changsha, and Sichuan. Almost half of Chinas population lives in the central and northwest provinces (7). Take advantage of the new rules that will lift restrictions on locations and the number of stores, and enjoy the benefit of being able to expand easier by being a wholly foreign-owned enterprise. The developing areas should be Targets concentration. It may be a little more risky, and sales may be lower at first, but it will be beneficial in the long run. The biggest competitors, both domestic and foreign, are mostly located in the prosperous areas (8). It will be more difficult to establish a solid foothold in Chinas retail market if Target starts off trying to compete with big foreign players such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour, or big domestic players such as Lianhua and Hualian, all of which are much more familiar with the market. So it will be a good idea for Target to tap into the less developed major  inland cities and create a niche market while competition is still very low in those areas. This can help them develop a presence in China, and become one of the major foreign players in Chinas retail market. U.S. Commercial Service After understand all the details described previously throughout the report, Target still needs some help entering Chinas retail market. Target is very successful in the United States, but China is a totally different market. There are different consumers, different languages, and different laws. Target needs to find someone that is familiar with the languages (Chinese and English), the Chinese retail market, and all the rules that foreign business must comply with. It would be the best if Target has some managers that fit these criterions within the corporation because then those people can be assigned to assist in Targets plan to enter China. They will be familiar with Chinas market and rules, as well as Targets objectives and operations. But if there are no qualified candidates within Target, then this is where the U.S. Commercial Service comes in play to help. The U.S. Commercial Service offers customized solutions to help US companies enter and expand in the China Market. They have six offices in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong. There are several services that a US company can purchase, one of which is the Gold Key Service (GKS). This service identifies and arranges appointments with the people that the company will need to meet in order to break into the China market successfully. The U.S. Commercial Service will tailor the service to the companys needs. They can assess the competition, and/or find lawyers, consultants, government officials, agents and distributors, etc (15). This is a great service that Target should use if they do not have people to use internally. Going into a foreign market, especially China, without being knowledgeable in the countrys laws and regulations, competition, consumers, and business environment is very risky. Any company that does this is essentially setting up for failure in the new market. This is why Target  needs to find experts that know how to do business in China. By being able to access competition, access the business environment, and working with a consultant or lawyer that knows the business laws in China will definitely help Target develop a safe and successful entry into Chinas retail market. To order the Gold Key Service from the U.S. Commercial Service, all Target have to do is contact the nearest U.S. Commercial Service assistance center, call 1-800-USA-Trade, or email their FCS Beijing Office at [emailprotected] (15). Other Factors In the Chinese culture, the colors red and gold are favorable colors. They represent happiness, good luck, and good fortune. During festive holidays, such as Chinese New Year, red is seen every where. All businesses, as well as households, would put up red lanterns and decorations. This may be beneficial to Target since red is Targets color. By having red in the stores in China, it may attract more consumers because people may associate the Target stores with the same meanings that they associate with the colors, especially during festive holidays. Aside from culture, Target should look into other things, such as education in China. Education is very important to Chinas future development if it is to be sustainable, but it is not an easy task. The government has been focusing on the countrys economic development, and has neglected to improve the education system and health. However, the governments new goal is to raise education spending to about 4 percent of GPD, with help from the private sector (8). In the United States, Target currently have a Community Giving Program where Target gives back over $2 million a week to neighborhoods, programs, and schools across the country (16). If Target sets up a similar program in China, it may help build its reputation in the China market. By helping the community receive better education, improving living conditions, and improving living standards will help Target gain favoritism from both consumers and the government, which can only help Targets goal for success in the market. Conclusion China offers a golden opportunity for foreign retailers, such as Target. Target should take advantage of Chinas accession to the WTO and seize the opportunity by entering Chinas retail market. There are many factors that Target must review and consider before entering China. Main factors like Chinas economic status, political status, and social status. As well as evaluating options of entry (WFOE vs. JV), understanding the culture, assessing both foreign and domestic competitions, and become knowledgeable in business rules and regulations in the country. Target will be very successful in establishing a foothold in Chinas retail market and become a major foreign retailer in the country as long as all aspects are carefully reviewed, planned, and understood. Targets presence and success has been well established in the United States, and now it is time to expand to the next big thing China. End Notes (1) http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0401/01.html (2) http://quicktake.morningstar.com/Stock/Income10.asp?Country=USASymbol= TGTstocktab=finance (3) http://www.targetcorp.com/targetcorp_group/investor-relations/investor- relations.jhtml (4) http://www.stores.org/pdf/04TOP100chart2.pdf (5) http://retailindustry.about.com/library/bl/03q2/bl_rf100603.htm (6) http://www.bjreview.com.cn/200414/Business-200414(C).htm (7) http://www.pwchk.com/home/webmedia/1024303622085/RetailMarket_ China.pdf (8) http://www.pwcglobal.com/gx/eng/about/ind/retail/wef%20jan04_external.pdf3 (9) http://en-1.ce.cn/subject/RetailinginChina/RegulationPolicy/200409/29/ t20040929_1882374.shtml (10) http://www.osec.ch/~0xc1878d1b_0x0001b994/Investments/foreign_investment_ restrictions_in_trade_and_retail_lifted/en/china_fipdf (11) http://www.sinomedia.net/eurobiz/v200404/story0404.html (12) http://www.isinolaw.com/jsp/fie/fie/FIE_wfoe1.jsp?LangID=0 (13) http://english.sohu.com/2004/07/04/81/article220848132.shtml (14) http://www.businessweek.com/adsections/country/asia/ (15) http://www.buyusa.gov/china/en/gks.html (16) http://target.com/target_group/community_giving/index.jhtml

Free College Admissions Essays: Passion for Economics :: College Admissions Essays

My Passion for Economics    The crucial importance and relevance of economics related disciplines to the modern world have led me to want to pursue the study of these social sciences at a higher level. My study of Economics has shown me the fundamental part it plays in our lives and I would like to approach it with an open mind - interested but not yet fully informed.    Having spent half of my life in India I have direct experience of two very different lifestyles making me more eager and enthusiastic to investigate other ways of life from a macro perspective. After completing my A-Levels, I hope to travel to Germany with a few friends in order to find out more of this culture and improve my German. Due to my different experiences, I am multilingual and can speak fluent Hindi and Gujarati.    In the Sixth Form, I regularly attend the school Debating Society, where I jointly hold the senior most position and organize many school charity events in my Senior Prefect role of Charities Coordinator. In the past, this has included raising nearly  £3000 on the behalf of an Indian Cultural Society Fashion Show for the Indian earthquake. I was involved in the establishing of the first ever Student School Council in which I was Year Representative.    Last year, I was involved in designing a roof for a proposed Tate Modern extension in a project sponsored by architecture firm Ove Arup. For this, I gained a Crest 'Gold' Award but more importantly the opportunity to investigate something from a technical point of view, thus branching away from my mainly unscientific subject base.    The demanding nature of the work has given me an added sense of responsibility but also of pride, fulfilment, and greater appreciation for hard work, ultimately making me more mature and dependable.    My other hobbies are equally varied, including Badminton, Club Cricket, and helping in the production of plays such as Bugsy Malone and The Threepenny Opera at school. Thanks to my love of reading, I have in the past written book reviews for The Asian Age newspaper.    I take pride in and put effort into all my work, whether academic or not.

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground :: essays research papers

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The video I reviewed was a National Geographic film called Mysteries Underground. This video was about extraordinary sites there are to see in underground caves. You traveled along with cave explorers and got to see all the beautiful untouched natural formations such as gypsum chandeliers, gnarled calcite columns, and jewel-like lakes. It showed and talked about all the careful proceders the cave explorers go through. It also talked about how the formations were made over such a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I learned many interesting things that would never seem possible. In the world's new most exotic ,Lechuguilla, cave there lied water so clean and clear that the cave explorers were forced to take all there clothes off before they swam acrossed it because the littlest dirt from any clothing would contaminate the pureness of the water. All the cave explorers are very cautious as to what they touch or where they step because some of the crystal formations are so fragile that the slightest vibration from a voice or a footstep could ruin millions of years of forming. In some parts of caves there are giant and very smooth ice formations that must be slid down very carefully because if they are not taken cautiously you will pick up to much speed while sliding and finally hit some kind of stone wall or something. One lady was not careful enough and boy did she pay. She was only a mile and a half or so in the cave and she broke her leg. It took almost five days to get who to the surface of the cave where she could be attended to. Also I found out that caves were much larger then I had originally thought. The largest cave now, Mammoth Cave, is over 200 miles long. And if you are exploring a cave being miles and miles from the entrance it is very important that you be careful because if you break your leg that far from the entrance it would probably take months to get you out safely. One safety precaution I learned was that when the explorers are traveling through cold water they must make sure they don't get their upperbody wet because that will cause them to freeze and get many sicknesses that are caused by the cold. One thing that I found interesting was that with the technology today you would think that we would have all the caves discovered and explored. We aren't close at all. In fact some caves have been being explored for years and there is still no end in sight.